Genre

Problem Definition

A Problem Definition is a genre of discourse that aims to describe a problem, including an analysis of its historical roots, causes and effects, stakeholders and disruptors. The Problem Definition may constitute an entire text or may be a smaller part of a larger text, such as a paragraph or even a whole section of ...

Research Proposal

Research Proposals may be as brief as a page or two or as long as a hundred pages. For instance, if you are pitching an entrepreneurial idea to Y Combinator, they will give you a couple of pages and require a video where you pitch your idea. In contrast, if you are pitching an entrepreneurial ...

Research Protocol

A Research Protocol is a brief summary of planned research. Investigators use Research Protocols *Alternative Title(s): Research Plan Key Concepts: Empiricism; Human Subjects Research; Research Methodologies; Research Protocols are a common genre in scientific and social science communities. Investigators in workplace and academic settings submit Research Plans for independent ethics review when conducting research involving ...

Infographics

Related Concepts: Design; Design Tools; Visual Language What are Infographics? – Most simply, infographics are graphical stories. More specifically, infographics are An infographic is a larger unit of discourse than a table, graph, photograph, or some other form of illustration. Unlike visuals that are designed to accompany alphabetical text, infographics stand alone. The term Infographics ...

Warrant

Warrants are assumptions that link claims to grounds. Warrants can be scientific laws, principles of historical interpretation, a law statute or psychological generalization about human behavior. Warrants may be implied or explicitly stated to support an argument.

Grounds

Grounds are evidence Grounds is a term that Stephen T

Claim

What is a Claim? Claims are assertions, arguments, and conclusions about something. For instance, claims can be about definitions, causes and effects, claims of fact, or policies. A claim may me a macro-claim—i.e., a major claim that informs an entire text. Or a claim may be a micro-claim—a subclaim attached to a larger claim. Logical ...

Baseball payers argue with one another as well as the ref.

Counterarguments – Rebuttal – Refutation

Counterargument Definition Counterargument refers to an argument given in response to another argument that takes an alternative approach to the issue at hand. Synonyms Counterargument may also be known as rebuttal or refutation. Related Concepts Audience Awareness; Authority (in Speech and Writing); Critical Literacy; Ethos; Openness; Researching Your Audience Guide to Counterarguments in Writing Studies ...

Golden Gate Bridge under clear skies, supported by exaggerated beams, with cars crossing over.

Backing

Backing is a key part of building a strong argument, as defined by Stephen Toulmin in his model of argumentation. It’s the additional evidence or reasoning that supports the warrant, which is the logical link connecting your evidence to your main point or claim. In simpler terms, if your claim is what you’re trying to ...

Knowledge Claim

Knowledge Claims are the topics, the scholarly conversations, that subject-matter-experts have with one another as they engage in research or discuss the knowledge claims of others. Knowledge claims are grounded in dialectic – the ongoing conversation of humankind. Knowledge claims may be grounded in theory, dialog, and hermeneutics. As humans learn more about the universe ...